Abstract
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26333/sts.xxxvi2.02
This paper offers a systematic classification and characterization of speech acts and their norms. Recently, the normative approach has been applied to various speech acts, most notably to constatives. I start by showing how the work on the norms of assertion has influenced various approaches to the norms of other speech acts. I focus on the fact that various norms of assertion have different extensions, i.e., they denote different clusters of illocutions as belonging to an assertion. I argue that this has consequences for theorising about norms of other speech acts and generates certain arbitrary divisions. In the central part, I analyse two groups of speech acts. Firstly, ordinary speech acts, like predictions or retractions. Secondly, I indicate how the normative view can be extended to so-called ancillary speech acts, like presuppositions or implicatures. I end with a discussion of possible extensions of the normative approach, focusing on the debate on lying.
References
Achinstein, P. (1983). The Nature of Explanation. Oxford University Press.
Alston, W. P. (2000). Illocutionary Acts and Sentence Meaning. Cornell University Press. doi:10.7591/9781501700422
Archer, A. (2018). Wondering About What You Know. Analysis, 78(4), 596–604. doi:10.1093/analys/anx162
Arielli, E. (2018). Sharing as Speech Act. Versus, 127, 243–258.
Austin, J. L. (1962). How to Do Things with Words. Clarendon Press.
Bach, K. (2008). Applying Pragmatics to Epistemology. Philosophical Issues, 18(1), 68–88. doi:10.1111/j.1533-6077.2008.00138.x
Bach, K., Harnish, R. M. (1979). Linguistic Communication and Speech Acts. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Ball, B. (2013). The Nature of Testimony. A Williamsonian Account. Logique et Analyse, 56(223), 231–244.
Barnett, Z. (2019). Philosophy Without Belief. Mind, 128(509), 109–138. doi:10.1093/mind/fzw076
Benton, M. (2011). Two More for the Knowledge Account of Assertion. Analysis, 71(4), 684–687. doi:10.1093/analys/anr085
Benton, M. (2012). Assertion, Knowledge and Predictions. Analysis, 72(1), 102–105. doi:10.1093/analys/anr123
Benton, M. (2018). Lying, Belief, and Knowledge. In J. Meibauer (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Lying (pp. 119–133). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736578.013.9
Benton, M. (2022). Knowledge Norms. In The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved from: https://iep.utm.edu/kn-norms/
Benton, M. (in press). Knowledge is the Norm of Assertion. In E. Sosa, M. Steup, J. Turri, B. Roeber (Eds.), Contemporary Debates in Epistemology (3rd Edition). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Benton, M., Turri, J. (2014). Iffy Predictions and Proper Expectations. Synthese, 191(8), 1857–1866. doi:10.1007/s11229-013-0377-y
Benton, M., van Elswyk, P. (2020). Hedged Assertion. In S. Goldberg (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Assertion (pp. 243–263). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190675233.013.11
Besson, C., Hattiangadi, A. (2020). Assertion and the Future. In S. Goldberg (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Assertion (pp. 481–504). New York: Oxford University Press.
Betz-Richman, N. (2022). Lying, Hedging, and the Norms of Assertion. Synthese, 200(2). doi:10.1007/s11229-022-03644-8
Blaauw, M. J. (2012). Reinforcing the Knowledge Account of Assertion. Analysis, 72(1), 105–108. doi:10.1093/analys/anr124
Brandom, R. (1994). Making It Explicit: Reasoning, Representing, and Discursive Commitment. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Bräuer, F. (2021). Assertion: The Constitutive Rule Account and the Engagement Condition Objection. Erkenntnis. doi:10.1007/s10670-021-00451-4
Brown, J. (2008). The Knowledge Norm for Assertion. Philosophical Issues, 18(1), 89–103. doi:10.1111/j.1533-6077.2008.00139.x
Brown, J. (2010). Knowledge and Assertion. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 81(3), 549–566. doi:10.1111/j.1933-1592.2010.00369.x
Buckwalter, W., Turri, J. (2014). Telling, Showing and Knowing: A Unified Theory of Pedagogical Norms. Analysis, 74(1), 16–20. doi:10.1093/analys/ant092
Caponetto, L. (2020). Undoing Things With Words. Synthese, 197(6), 2399–2414. doi:10.1007/s11229-018-1805-9
Cappelen, H., & Dever, J. (2019). Bad Language. Oxford: OUP.
Cariani, F. (2020). On Predicting. Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy, 7. doi:10.3998/ergo.12405314.0007.011
Carson, T. L. (2006). The Definition of Lying. Noûs, 40(2), 284–306. doi:10.1111/j.0029-4624.2006.00610.x
Carter, J. A. (2017). Assertion, Uniqueness and Epistemic Hypocrisy. Synthese, 194(5), 1463–1476. doi:10.1007/s11229-015-0766-5
Carter, J. A., Gordon, E. C. (2011). Norms of Assertion: The Quantity and Quality of Epistemic Support. Philosophia, 39(4), 615–635. doi:10.1007/s11406-011-9317-6
Carter, J. A., Gordon, E. C., Grodniewicz, J. P. (2021). Understanding a Communicated Thought. Synthese, 198(12), 12137–12151. doi:10.1007/s11229-020-02854-2
Clark, H. H., Carlson, T. B. (1982). Hearers and Speech Acts. Language, 58(2), 332. doi:10.2307/414102
Coates, D. J. (2016). The Epistemic Norm of Blame. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 19(2), 457–473. doi:10.1007/s10677-015-9639-8
Collins, J. (2020). A Norm of Aesthetic Assertion and Its Semantic (In)Significance. Inquiry, 1–31. doi:10.1080/0020174X.2020.1809515
Dang, H., Bright, L. K. (2021). Scientific Conclusions Need Not Be Accurate, Justified, or Believed by Their Authors. Synthese. doi:10.1007/s11229-021-03158-9
Deigan, M. (2022). Stupefying. Philosophers’ Imprint, 22(0). doi:10.3998/phimp.2117
DeRose, K. (2002). Assertion, Knowledge, and Context. Philosophical Review, 111(2), 167–203. doi:10.1215/00318108-111-2-167
DeRose, K. (2017). The Appearance of Ignorance: Knowledge, Skepticism, and Context, Volume 2. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Dorst, K., Mandelkern, M. (2021). Good Guesses. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. doi:10.1111/phpr.12831
Douven, I. (2006). Assertion, Knowledge, and Rational Credibility. Philosophical Review, 115(4), 449–485. doi:10.1215/00318108-2006-010
Dummett, M. (1981). Frege: Philosophy of Language. Cambridge: HUP.
Engel, P. (2008). In What Sense Is Knowledge the Norm of Assertion? Grazer Philosophische Studien, 77(1), 45–59. doi:10.1163/18756735-90000843
Falbo, A. (2021). Inquiry and Confirmation. Analysis. doi:10.1093/analys/anab037
Fallis, D. (2009). What Is Lying? The Journal of Philosophy, 106(1), 29–56. doi:10.5840/jphil200910612
Farkas, D. (2022). Non-Intrusive Questions as a Special Type of Non-Canonical Questions. Journal of Semantics, 39, 295–337. doi:10.1093/jos/ffac001
Fleisher, W. (2021). Endorsement and Assertion. Noûs, 55(2), 363–384. doi:10.1111/nous.12315
Fricker, E. (2006). Second-Hand Knowledge. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 73(3), 592–618. doi:10.1111/j.1933-1592.2006.tb00550.x
Fricker, E. (2012). I—Stating and Insinuating. Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume, 86(1), 61–94. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8349.2012.00208.x
Friedman, J. (2017). Why Suspend Judging? Noûs, 51(2), 302–326. doi:10.1111/nous.12137
Friedman, J. (2019). Checking Again. Philosophical Issues, 29(1), 84–96. doi:10.1111/phis.12141
García-Carpintero, M. (2004). Assertion and the Semantics of Force-Makers. In C. Bianchi (Ed.), The Semantics/Pragmatics Distinction (pp. 133–166). Stanford: CSLI Publications.
García-Carpintero, M. (2013). Norms of Fiction-Making. The British Journal of Aesthetics, 53(3), 339–357. doi:10.1093/aesthj/ayt021
García-Carpintero, M. (2018). Sneaky Assertions. Philosophical Perspectives, 32(1), 188–218. doi:10.1111/phpe.12116
García-Carpintero, M. (2019a). Normative Fiction-Making and the World of the Fiction. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 77(3), 267–279. doi:10.1111/jaac.12660
García-Carpintero, M. (2019b). Conventions and Constitutive Norms. Journal of Social Ontology, 5(1), 35–52. doi:10.1515/jso-2019-0013
García-Carpintero, M. (2020). On the Nature of Presupposition: A Normative Speech Act Account. Erkenntnis, 85(2), 269–293. doi:10.1007/s10670-018-0027-3
García-Carpintero, M. (2021). Lying vs. Misleading: The Adverbial Account. Intercultural Pragmatics, 18(3), 391–413. doi:10.1515/ip-2021-2011
García-Carpintero, M. (2022). How to Understand Rule-Constituted Kinds. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 13(1), 7–27. doi:10.1007/s13164-021-00576-z
Gaszczyk, G. (2021). A Speech-Act-Theoretic Approach to Lying With Projective Content. In M. Young Pedersen, A. Pavlova (Eds.), Proceedings of the ESSLLI Student Session 2021 (pp. 123–131).
Gaszczyk, G. (2022). Norms of Constatives. Acta Analytica. doi:10.1007/s12136-022-00531-2
Gaszczyk, G. (2023a). Helping Others to Understand: A Normative Account of the Speech Act of Explanation. Topoi. doi:10.1007/s11245-022-09878-y
Gaszczyk, G. (2023b). Interrogatives, Inquiries, and Exam Questions. Unpublished manuscript.
Gaszczyk, G. (in press). Lying With Uninformative Speech Acts. Canadian Journal of Philosophy.
Gerken, M. (2012). Discursive Justification and Skepticism. Synthese, 189(2), 373–394. doi:10.1007/s11229-012-0076-0
Gerken, M. (2014). Same, Same but Different: The Epistemic Norms of Assertion, Action and Practical Reasoning. Philosophical Studies, 168(3), 725–744. doi:10.1007/s11098-013-0156-0
Gerken, M. (2017). On Folk Epistemology. How We Think and Talk About Knowledge. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Goldberg, S. (2015). Assertion: On the Philosophical Significance of Assertoric Speech. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gordon, E. C. (2023). Understanding as the Norm of Political Discourse. Unpublished manuscript.
Graham, P. J. (2015). Testimony as Speech Act, Testimony as Source. In C. Mi, E. Sosa, M. Slote (Eds.), Moral and Intellectual Virtues in Western and Chinese Philosophy: The Turn toward Virtue (pp. 121–144). New York: Routledge.
Graham, P. J. (2022). Testimony Is Not Disjunctive. Asian Journal of Philosophy, 1(1), 25. doi:10.1007/s44204-022-00027-1
Green, A. (2017). An Epistemic Norm for Implicature. Journal of Philosophy, 114(7), 381–391. doi:10.5840/jphil2017114726
Greenberg, A. (2020). There is No (Sui Generis) Norm of Assertion. Philosophy, 95(3), 337–362. doi:10.1017/S0031819120000169
Greenough, P. (2011). Truth-Relativism, Norm-Relativism, and Assertion. In J. Brown, H. Cappelen (Eds.), Assertion: New Philosophical Essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Grice, H. P. (1989). Studies in the Way of Words. Cambridge: HUP.
Grodniewicz, J. P. (2021). The Process of Linguistic Understanding. Synthese, 198(12), 11463–11481. doi:10.1007/s11229-020-02807-9
Hanks, P. (2015). Propositional Content. Oxford: OUP.
Hanks, P. (2019). Reference as a Speech Act. In J. Gundel, B. Abbott (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Reference (pp. 10–18). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199687305.013.2
Harris, D. W., Fogal, D., Moss, M. (2018). Speech Acts: The Contemporary Theoretical Landscape. In D. Fogal, D. Harris, M. Moss (Eds.), New Work on Speech Acts. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Hawthorne, J. (2003). Knowledge and Lotteries. Oxford: OUP.
Haziza, E. (2022). Assertion, Implicature, and Iterated Knowledge. Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy. doi:10.3998/ergo.2236
Hinchman, E. S. (2013). Assertion, Sincerity, and Knowledge. Noûs, 47(4), 613–646. doi:10.1111/nous.12045
Hinchman, E. S. (2020). Assertion and Testimony. In S. Goldberg (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Assertion (pp. 553–579). Oxford: OUP. doi:10.1093/ ox-fordhb/9780190675233.013.23
Hindriks, F. (2007). The status of the knowledge account of assertion. Linguistics and Philosophy, 30(3), 393–406. doi:10.1007/s10988-007-9019-5
Holguín, B. (2021). Lying and Knowing. Synthese, 198(6), 5351–5371. doi:10.1007/s11229-019-02407-2
Holguín, B. (2022). Thinking, Guessing, and Believing. Philosophers’ Imprint, 22, Article 0. doi:10.3998/phimp.2123
Jary, M. (2018). Lying and Assertion. In J. Meibauer (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Lying (pp. 108–119). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ ox-fordhb/9780198736578.013.8
Johnson, C. R. (2018). What Norm of Assertion? Acta Analytica, 33(1), 51–67. doi:10.1007/s12136-017-0326-3
Kaluziński, B. (2019). Rules and Games. Philosophia, 47(4), 1165–1176. doi:10.1007/s11406-018-0050-2
Karczewska, N. (2019). Faultless Disagreement in Contemporary Semantic Theories (unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
Kelp, C. (2011). A Practical Explication of the Knowledge Rule of Informative Speech Acts: The Knowledge Rule of Informative Speech Acts. European Journal of Philosophy, 21(3), 367–383. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0378.2011.00451.x
Kelp, C. (2018). Assertion: A Function First Account: Assertion: A Function First Account. Noûs, 52(2), 411–442. doi:10.1111/nous.12153
Kelp, C. (2020a). The Knowledge Norm of Blaming. Analysis, 80(2), 256–261. doi:10.1093/analys/anz043
Kelp, C. (2020b). Moral Assertion. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 23(3–4), 639–649. doi:10.1007/s10677-020-10107-x
Kelp, C., Simion, M. (2020). The C Account of Assertion: A Negative Result. Synthese, 197(1), 125–137. doi:10.1007/s11229-018-1760-5
Kelp, C., Simion, M. (2021). Sharing Knowledge: A Functionalist Account of Assertion. Cambridge: CUP. doi:10.1017/9781009036818
Kneer, M. (2018). The Norm of Assertion: Empirical Data. Cognition, 177, 165–171. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2018.03.020
Kukla, Q., Steinberg, D. (2021). “I Really Didn’t Say Everything I Said”: The Pragmatics of Retraction. In L. Townsend, P. Stovall, H. B. Schmid (Eds.), The Social Institution of Discursive Norms (pp. 233–247). New York: Routledge.
Kukla, R., Lance, M. (2009). ‘Yo!’ and ‘Lo!’: The Pragmatic Topography of the Space of Reasons. Harvard: HUP.
Kvanvig, J. (2011). Norms of Assertion. In J. Brown, H. Cappelen (Eds.), Assertion: New Philosophical Essays (pp. 233–250). Oxford: OUP.
Lackey, J. (2007). Norms of Assertion. Noûs, 41(4), 594–626. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0068.2007.00664.x
Lance, M., Kukla, R. (2013). Leave the Gun; Take the Cannoli! The Pragmatic Topography of Second-Person Calls. Ethics, 123(3), 456–478. doi:10.1086/669565
Langton, R. (2018). Blocking as Counter-Speech. In D. Fogal, D. Harris, M. Moss (Eds.), New Work on Speech Acts (Volume 1, pp. 144–164). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198738831.003.0006
Langton, R. (2021). Lies and Back-Door Lies. Mind, 130(517), 251–258. doi:10.1093/mind/fzaa040
Lawlor, K. (2013). Assurance: An Austinian View of Knowledge and Knowledge Claims (1st Ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lawlor, K. (2015). Précis of Assurance. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 90(1), 194–204. doi:10.1111/phpr.12161
Levin, J. (2008). Assertion, Practical Reason, and Pragmatic Theories of Knowledge. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 76(2), 359–384.
Lewiński, M. (2021a). Conclusions of Practical Argument: A Speech Act Analysis. Organon F, 28(2), 420–547. doi:10.31577/orgf.2021.28207
Lewiński, M. (2021b). Illocutionary Pluralism. Synthese, 199, 6687–6714. doi:10.1007/s11229-021-03087-7
Lewis, M. (2019). The Norm of Moral Assertion: A Reply to Simion. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 22(4), 1043–1049. doi:10.1007/s10677-019-10033-7
Macagno, F. (2016). Presupposition as Argumentative Reasoning. In A. Capone, J. L. Mey (Eds.), Interdisciplinary Studies in Pragmatics, Culture and Society (Volume 4, pp. 465–487). Cham: Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/ 978-3-319-12616-6_18
MacFarlane, J. (2011). What Is Assertion. In J. Brown, H. Cappelen (Eds.), Assertion: New Philosophical Essays (pp. 79–96). Oxford: OUP.
MacFarlane, J. (2014). Assessment Sensitivity: Relative Truth and Its Applications. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mahon, J. E. (2016). The Definition of Lying and Deception. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. Retrieved from: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/lying-definition/
Maitra, I. (2011). Assertion, Norms, and Games. In J. Brown & H. Cappelen (Eds.), Assertion: New Philosophical Essays (pp. 277–296). Oxford: OUP.
Marques, T. (2018). Retractions. Synthese, 195(8), 3335–3359. doi:10.1007/ s11229-015-0852-8
Marsili, N. (2014). Lying as a Scalar Phenomenon: Insincerity Along the Certainty-Uncertainty Continuum. In S. Cantarini, W. Abraham, E. Leiss (Eds.), Studies in Language Companion Series (Volume 165, pp. 153–173). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. doi:10.1075/slcs.165.09mar
Marsili, N. (2016). Lying by Promising. International Review of Pragmatics, 8(2), 271–313. doi:10.1163/18773109-00802005
Marsili, N. (2019). The Norm of Assertion: A ‘Constitutive’ Rule? Inquiry. doi:10.1080/0020174X.2019.1667868
Marsili, N. (2020a). Lying, speech acts, and commitment. Synthese, 199, 3245–3269. doi:10.1007/s11229-020-02933-4
Marsili, N. (2020b). Retweeting: Its linguistic and epistemic value. Synthese, 198, 10457–10483. doi:10.1007/s11229-020-02731-y
Marsili, N. (2021). Lying: Knowledge or belief? Philosophical Studies, 179, 1445–1460. doi:10.1007/s11098-021-01713-1
Marsili, N. (in press). Towards a Unified Theory of Illocutionary Normativity. In L. Caponetto, P. Labinaz (Eds.), Sbisà on Speech as Action. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Marsili, N., Wiegmann, A. (2021). Should I Say That? An Experimental Investigation of the Norm of Assertion. Cognition, 212. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104657
McDonald, L. (2021). Please Like This Paper. Philosophy, 96(3), 335–358. doi:10.1017/S0031819121000152
McGlynn, A. (2014). Knowledge First? London: Palgrave Macmillian.
McGowan, M. K. (2009). Oppressive Speech. Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 87(3), 389–407. doi:10.1080/00048400802370334
McGowan, M. K. (2019). Just Words: On Speech and Hidden Harm. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
McKenna, R. (2015). Assertion, Complexity, and Sincerity. Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 93(4), 782–798. doi:10.1080/00048402.2014.1003075
McKinnon, R. (2015). The Norms of Assertion: Truth, Lies, and Warrant. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Meibauer, J. (2014). Lying at the Semantics-Pragmatics Interface. Berlin, Boston: Walter de Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9781614510840
Milić, I. (2015). A Note on Existentially Known Assertions. The Philosophical Quarterly, 65(261), 813–821. doi:10.1093/pq/pqv024
Milić, I. (2017). Against Selfless Assertions. Philosophical Studies, 174(9), 2277–2295. doi:10.1007/s11098-016-0798-9
Milić, I. (2018). “What Counts as an Insult?”. Acta Analytica, 33(4), 539–552. doi:10.1007/s12136-018-0353-8
Milić, I. (2020). Hypocritical Blame: A Question for the Normative Accounts of Assertion. Philosophia, 48(4), 1543–1549. doi:10.1007/s11406-020-00167-9
Millson, J. A. (2021). Seeking Confirmation: A Puzzle for Norms of Inquiry. Analysis, 80(4), 683–693. doi:10.1093/analys/anaa017
Montminy, M. (2020). Testing for Assertion. In S. C. Goldberg (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Assertion. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190675233.013.14
Montminy, M., Skolits, W. (2014). Defending The Coherence Of Contextualism. Episteme, 11(3), 319–333. doi:10.1017/epi.2014.13
Morgan, A. (2022). When Doublespeak Goes Viral: A Speech Act Analysis of Internet Trolling. Erkenntnis. doi:10.1007/s10670-021-00508-4
Pagin, P. (2011). Information and Assertoric Force. In J. Brown, H. Cappelen (Eds.), Assertion: New Philosophical Essays. Oxford: OUP. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199573004.003.0005
Pagin, P., Marsili, N. (2021). Assertion. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. Retrieved from: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2021/entries/assertion/
Peet, A. (2015). Testimony, Pragmatics, and Plausible Deniability. Episteme, 12(1), 29–51. doi:10.1017/epi.2014.31
Pelling, C. (2013). Assertion and The Provision of Knowledge. The Philosophical Quarterly, 63(251), 293–312. doi:10.1111/1467-9213.12013
Pelling, C. (2014). Assertion, Telling, and Epistemic Norms. Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 92(2), 335–348. doi:10.1080/00048402.2013.798340
Pepp, J. (2020). Assertion, Lying, and Untruthfully Implicating. In S. Goldberg (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Assertion (pp. 827–850). Oxford: OUP. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190675233.013.40
Plakias, A. (2019). Publishing Without Belief. Analysis, 79(4), 638–646. doi:10.1093/analys/anz040
Potts, C. (2005). The Logic of Conventional Implicatures. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199273829.001.0001
Potts, C. (2015). Presupposition and Implicature. In S. Lappin, C. Fox (Eds.), The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory (pp. 168–202). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781118882139.ch6
Reins, L. M., Wiegmann, A. (2021). Is Lying Bound to Commitment? Empirically Investigating Deceptive Presuppositions, Implicatures, and Actions. Cognitive Science, 45(2). doi:10.1111/cogs.12936
Reuter, K., Brössel, P. (2019). No Knowledge Required. Episteme, 16(3), 303–321. doi:10.1017/epi.2018.10
Reynolds, S. L. (2002). Testimony, Knowledge, and Epistemic Goals. Philosophical Studies, 110(2), 139–161. doi:10.1023/a:1020254327114
Ripley, D. (2020). Denial. In V. Déprez, M. T. Espinal (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Negation (pp. 46–57). Oxford: OUP. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/ 9780198830528.013.21
Roberts, C. (2012). Information Structure in Discourse: Towards an Integrated Formal Theory of Pragmatics. Semantics and Pragmatics, 49(5), 1–69. doi:10.3765/sp.5.6
Saul, J. M. (2012). Lying, Misleading, and What Is Said: An Exploration in Philosophy of Language and in Ethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199603688.001.0001
Sbisà, M. (2018). Varieties of Speech Act Norms. In M. Witek, I. Witczak-Plisiecka (Eds.), Normativity and Variety of Speech Actions (pp. 23–50). Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004366527_003
Sbisà, M. (2020). Assertion Among the Speech Acts. In S. Goldberg (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Assertion (pp. 157–178). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190675233.013.7
Schaffer, J. (2008). Knowledge in the Image of Assertion. Philosophical Issues, 18(1), 1–19. doi:10.1111/j.1533-6077.2008.00134.x
Schiller, H. I. (2021). Is That a Threat? Erkenntnis, 86(5), 1161–1183. doi:10.1007/s10670-019-00148-9
Searle, J. R. (1969). Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge: CUP. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139173438
Searle, J. R. (1975). A Taxonomy of Illocutionary Acts. In K. Gunderson (Ed.), Language, Mind and Knowledge (pp. 344–369). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Searle, J. R., Vanderveken, D. (1985). Foundations of Illocutionary Logic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Shields, M. (2020). Philosophical Speech Acts. Philosophy, 95(4), 497–521. doi:10.1017/S0031819120000194
Simion, M. (2017). Epistemic Norms and ‘He Said/She Said’ Reporting. Episteme, 14(4), 413–422. doi:10.1017/epi.2016.11
Simion, M. (2018). The Explanation Proffering Norm of Moral Assertion. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 21(3), 477–488. doi:10.1007/s10677-018-9922-6
Simion, M. (2021). Shifty Speech and Independent Thought: Epistemic Normativity in Context (1st Ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/ 9780192895288.001.0001
Simion, M., Kelp, C. (2020). Assertion: The Constitutive Norms View. In S. Goldberg (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Assertion (pp. 57–73). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190675233.013.2
Slote, M. (1979). Assertion and Belief. In J. Dancy (Ed.), Papers on Language and Logic (pp. 177–190). Keele, Newcastle: Keele University Press.
Sorensen, R. (2007). Bald-Faced Lies! Lying Without the Intent to Deceive. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 88(2), 251–264. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0114.2007.00290.x
Stainton, R. J. (2016). Full-On Stating. Mind & Language, 31(4), 395–413. doi:10.1111/mila.12112
Stalnaker, R. (1999a). Pragmatic Presuppositions. In R. Stalnaker, Context and Content (pp. 47–62). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Stalnaker, R. (1978). Assertion. In R. Stalnaker, Context and Content (pp. 78–95). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Stanley, J. (2005). Knowledge and Practical Interests. New York: Clarendon Press; Oxford University Press.
Stanley, J. (2008). Knowledge and Certainty. Philosophical Issues, 18(1), 35–57. doi:10.1111/j.1533-6077.2008.00136.x
Sternau, M., Ariel, M., Giora, R., Fein, O. (2016). A Graded Strength for Privileged Interactional Interpretations. In K. Allan, A. Capone, I. Kecskes (Eds.), Pragmemes and Theories of Language Use (pp. 703–723). Cham: Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-43491-9_35
Stokke, A. (2017). II—Conventional Implicature, Presupposition, and Lying. Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume, 91(1), 127–147. doi:10.1093/arisup/akx004
Stokke, A. (2018). Lying and Insincerity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ oso/9780198825968.001.0001
Stone, J. (2007). Contextualism and Warranted Assertion. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 88(1), 92–113. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0114.2007.00282.x
Turri, A., Turri, J. (2015). The Truth About Lying. Cognition, 138, 161–168. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2015.01.007
Turri, J. (2010a). Epistemic Invariantism and Speech Act Contextualism. Philosophical Review, 119(1), 77–95. doi:10.1215/00318108-2009-026
Turri, J. (2010b). Prompting Challenges. Analysis, 70(3), 456–462. doi:10.1093/ analys/anq027
Turri, J. (2011). The Express Knowledge Account of Assertion. Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 89(1), 37–45. doi:10.1080/00048401003660333
Turri, J. (2013). Knowledge Guaranteed. Noûs, 47(3), 602–612. doi:10.1111/ j.1468-0068.2011.00849.x
Turri, J. (2015a). Assertion and Assurance: Some Empirical Evidence. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 90(1), 214–222. doi:10.1111/phpr.12160
Turri, J. (2015b). Understanding and the Norm of Explanation. Philosophia, 43(4), 1171–1175. doi:10.1007/s11406-015-9655-x
Turri, J. (2016). Knowledge and the Norm of Assertion: An Essay in Philosophical Science. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers. doi:10.11647/OBP.0083
Turri, J. (2021). Truth, Fallibility, and Justification: New Studies in the Norms of Assertion. Synthese, 198(9), 8073–8084. doi:10.1007/s11229-020-02558-7
Unger, P. (1975). Ignorance: A Case for Scepticism. Oxford: OUP.
van Elswyk, P. (2021). Representing Knowledge. The Philosophical Review, 130(1), 97–143. doi:10.1215/00318108-8699695
van Elswyk, P. (2022). Hedged Testimony. Noûs. doi:10.1111/nous.12411
van Elswyk, P., Sapir, Y. (2021). Hedging and the Ignorance Norm on Inquiry. Synthese, 199, 5837–5859. doi:10.1007/s11229-021-03048-0
Viebahn, E. (2020). Lying With Presuppositions. Noûs, 54(3), 731–751. doi:10.1111/nous.12282
Viebahn, E. (2021). The Lying-Misleading Distinction: A Commitment-Based Approach. The Journal of Philosophy, 118(6), 289–319. doi:10.5840/ jphil2021118621
Viebahn, E., Wiegmann, A., Engelmann, N., Willemsen, P. (2021). Can a Question Be a Lie? An Empirical Investigation. Ergo, 8(0). doi:10.3998/ergo.1144
von Fintel, K. (2004). Would You Believe It? The King of France Is Back! Presuppositions and Truth-Value Intuitions. In A. Bezuidenhout, M. Reimer (Eds.), Descriptions and Beyond (pp. 315–341). Oxford: OUP.
Weiner, M. (2005). Must We Know What We Say? Philosophical Review, 114(2), 227–251. doi:10.1215/00318108-114-2-227
Whitcomb, D. (2010). Curiosity Was Framed. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 81(3), 664–687. doi:10.1111/j.1933-1592.2010.00394.x
Whitcomb, D. (2017). One Kind of Asking. The Philosophical Quarterly, 67(266), 148–168. doi:10.1093/pq/pqw027
Whiting, D. (2013). Stick to the Facts: On the Norms of Assertion. Erkenntnis, 78(4), 847–867. doi:10.1007/s10670-012-9383-6
Wiegmann, A., Samland, J., Waldmann, M. R. (2016). Lying Despite Telling the Truth. Cognition, 150, 37–42. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2016.01.017
Wiegmann, A., Viebahn, E. (2021). True Lies and Moorean Redundancy. Synthese, 199(5–6), 13053–13066. doi:10.1007/s11229-021-03366-3
Willard-Kyle, C. (2020). Being in a Position to Know is the Norm of Assertion. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 101(2), 328–352. doi:10.1111/papq.12305
Willard-Kyle, C. (2021). P, but You Don’t Know That P. Synthese, 199(5–6), 14667–14690. doi:10.1007/s11229-021-03438-4
Williamson, T. (1996). Knowing and Asserting. The Philosophical Review, 105(4), 489. doi:10.2307/2998423
Williamson, T. (2000). Knowledge and Its Limits. Oxford: OUP.
Witek, M. (2019). Illocution and Accommodation in the Functioning of Presumptions. Synthese. doi:10.1007/s11229-019-02459-4
Witek, M. (2022). Irony as a Speech Action. Journal of Pragmatics, 190, 76–90. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2022.01.010
Woodard, E. (2022). Why Double-Check? Episteme, 1–24. doi:10.1017/epi.2022.22